Kampfgeschwader 2 ' Holzhammer ' (KG 2) (Battle Wing 2) was a Luftwaffe bomber unit during the Second World War. The unit was formed in May 1939. The unit operated the Dornier Do 17light bomber, Dornier Do 217 and Junkers Ju 188heavy bombers.During the course of the Second World War KG 2 lost 767 aircraft destroyed and 158 damaged.^[1] According to H.L. de Zeng at al, it suffered 1,908 personnel killed in action or missing in action and 214 as prisoners of war.^[1] Broken down further, for the duration of the war KG 2 lost 1,228 killed, 688 missing, 656 wounded and with 214 captured, for a total of 2,786 in both combat and non-combat operations.^[2]

• 2World War II

Formation[edit]

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Stab/.KG 2 and I./KG 2 were formed on 1 May 1939 at Cottbus.^[3] II./KG 2 was formed at Liegnitz, Silesia. The crews converted onto Junkers Ju 86.^[4] The unit spent most of the summer training and recruiting personnel from the flight schools in night flying.^[4]

World War II[edit]

Invasion of Poland[edit]

On 25 August the unit was transferred to Jesau and participated in the Invasion of Poland. Stab/KG 2 was withdrawn on 20 September and placed under the Command of Luftflotte 3 carrying out reconnaissance missions over France.I. KG 2 attacked airfields at Wilna and Lida and Plock on 1 September and again on 2 September. From 2–3 September it supported the German Third Army and German Fourth Army north of Warsaw. From 4–11 September rail targets were again bombed. Troop concentrations became the main targets after this until the end of the fighting in Poland. Stab./ KG 2 and II. KG 2 also operated in support of I. Gruppe. Altogether, the three Grupen had contributed 84 Dornier Do 17Z aircraft to the campaign.^[5]

Battle of France and the Low Countries[edit]

I./KG 2 supported German Army Group A’s crossing of the Meuse. It supported Heinz Guderian’s Panzerkorps in the vicinity of Sedan during the battle of the 12–14 May. It fielded 36 Dornier Do 17s, with 22 aircraft serviceable. It also hit French Air Force airfields in Amiens, Reims, Champagne and Arras. Between 21–31 May 1940, I. Gruppe supported ground forces during the Battle of Dunkirk.^[1]On 3 June 1940 it participated in the huge aerial offensive against French air power in Operation Paula.

II./KG 2 committed 36 Do 17s (28 operational) to the western campaign in Fliegerkorps II. It assisted in all the major operations of the French Campaign.^[4]III./KG 2 supported the other two Gruppen with 36 Do 17s, with 30 serviceable.^[6] The worst day of the western campaign for KG 2 was the 27 May, when Major Werner Kreipe's III. Gruppe lost 11 out of 27 Do 17s to RAF fighters over Dunkirk.^[7]

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Battle of Britain[edit]

In mid-1940, I./KG 2 deployed up to 43 Do 17s (27 operational) against Britain while based at Epinoy.^{[citation needed]} The Geschwader took part in the first large dogfight over the English Channel, on 10 July 1940 – the day usually considered to be the beginning of the Battle of Britain. In an attack on Convoy 'Bread', KG 2 sank two ships and one 700-ton sloop and damaged four RAF fighters. In return three Do 17s were lost and three damaged, along with three Messerschmitt Bf 110s destroyed and a single Messerschmitt Bf 109, with two damaged.^[8]

On 10 August, KG 2 attacked Convoy 'Booty', losing three Dorniers and six damaged.^[9] On 13 August ('Eagle Day'), KG 2 took off at 4:50 am led by Geschwaderkommodore Johannes Fink to attack targets in southern Britain. They were to be escorted by Bf 110s from ZG 26 led by OberstleutnantJoachim-Friedrich Huth. The weather was poor and German ground controllers ordered the fighters back to base. The message did not get through to II. and III./KG 2. Huth tried to signal them by flying in front of them and performing aerobatics. Fink ignored him and flew on. He flew around the coast to his target: Eastchurch airfield on the Isle of Sheppey. Albert Kesselring had issued orders for bombers to abandon missions if their escorts did not show up. But some Bf 109s from Erprobungsgruppe had not received the order either and Fink failed to turn back as he was not disobeying the directive. The return would take KG 2 across No. 11 Group's territory, which would have been disastrous. Owing to the radar plotters missing the raiders, and the Observer Corps misjudging the bearing or route of the raid, the RAF failed to prevent the target being attacked. On the return journey No. 74 Squadron RAF, No. 111 Squadron RAF and No. 151 Squadron RAF managed to intercept, shooting down five Do 17s.^[10] KG 2 claimed destroyed ten Supermarine Spitfires on the ground and wrecked the airfield.^[11] In fact it would seem none were lost.^[12] The Geschwader also took part in heavy fighting on 18 August, known later as 'The Hardest Day'.

By 7 September, the strength of I./KG 2 had fallen to 19 machines, with only 12 operational.^[1] II./KG 2 began operations over Britain with 35 Do 17s, 31 operational. By 7 September this had fallen to 30 and 20 respectively.^[6] III./KG 2 succeeded in replacing most of its losses; the number employed on 13 August was 34 Do 17s and 32 operational. The figures were the same on 7 September.^[13]

The Geschwader was also in action on 15 September 1940, known later as 'Battle of Britain Day'. It continued to strike at targets during the Blitz, before redeploying to Austria on 28 March 1941, to prepare for operations during the German invasion of Yugoslavia.^[1]

Balkans Campaign[edit]

10/2 Romex

I. Gruppe committed 29 Do 17s with 28 operational. It participated in the bombing of Belgrade, the Battle of Greece and Battle of Crete attacking ground and naval targets. On 20 May 1941 the unit claimed many Allied ships sunk north of Crete. It reported the loss of 6 Do 17s and 7 damaged.^[14]II. Gruppe did not take part. III. Gruppe participated with 30 Do 17s, 29 operational. It reported losses of 6 aircraft shot down and 5 damaged during the campaign.^[13] During June 1941 I./KG 2 was partially converted to the Do 217.^[14]

Eastern Front[edit]

I. and III./KG 2 supported both Army Group North and Army Group Centre in several major engagements. KG 2 supported German forces during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, Battle of Smolensk, Siege of Leningrad and Battle of Moscow. III./KG 2 returned to Germany on 26 September to convert onto the Do 217. I./KG 2 departed for Germany on 31 October 1941.^[15] Total losses for Kampfgeschwader 2 on the Eastern Front in 1941 indicate three Do 17s lost in June, a further nine lost in July, nine in August, a single Dornier destroyed on the ground in September, three Do 17s in October, for a total of 24 lost in aerial combat and one on the ground.^[16] I./KG 2 lost 13 Do 17s destroyed and 12 damaged in 22 June – 31 October 1941.^[14]The Dornier's most notable action on the Eastern front occurred on 23–24 June at Grodno. The commander of the Soviet Western Front, General Dmitriy Pavlov attempted a counterattack against Hermann Hoth's Panzergruppe 3. With air superiority and no air opposition, Dornier Do 17s of III./KG 2 destroyed columns of Soviet infantry. With help from other units, the Luftwaffe destroyed 105 Soviet tanks. The Soviet 6th and 11th Mechanised Corps and 6th Cavalry Corps were routed. For his unit's particular effectiveness, Hauptmann Walter Bradel, received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.^[17]

Western Europe[edit]

While I. and III./KG 2 were engaged on the Eastern Front, II./KG 2 operated from various bases in the Netherlands and France in Maritime Interdiction Operations and strategic bombing attacks on the United Kingdom. Its first notable action was its participation in Operation Donnerkeil, the Luftwaffe's air superiority plan in support of the Kriegsmarine operation Operation Cerberus (also known as the Channel Dash).

In July 1941 II. Gruppe were attached to stab./KG 30 under the command of Luftflotte 3. On 2 July 1942 it could muster 37 Do 217s and 2 Do 17s. On the night of the 4/5 July 1942 it flew its first mission over the United Kingdom with Do 217s. Over the period 4 July – 31 December 1941 the unit lost 18 Do 217s. In August 1942 the unit lost 7 Do 217s during the Dieppe raid. In November 1942 it helped German forces occupy Vichy France during Case Anton.^[6]I./KG 2 returned to western Europe in May 1942. It engaged in night attacks over Britain and dropping naval mines in the English Channel and along the British east coast.^[14] This action continued until May 1944. By that time the Gruppe had struck at ports along the southern British coast which contained the Allied invasion fleets that were to launch the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944.^[18] II./KG 2 had supported I./KG 2 from December 1942 – September 1943. It was withdrawn to Germany owing to 'very heavy losses'.^[6] During that time, the GeschwaderkommodoreWalter Bradel was killed returning from a raid on Norwich on 5 May 1943.

V./KG 2 was formed in mid 1943 and was the first to operate the Messerschmitt Me 410 in a night bomber and occasional night intruder role over the UK. The gruppe lost its first Me 410 on the night of 13–14 July 1943 when Fw Zwissler and his Bordfunker were killed after being shot down by future 'ace' F/L N Bunting in a Mosquito night fighter of No. 85 Squadron.

II./KG 2 converted to the Junkers Ju 188 in October – December 1943. It used its new aircraft to bomb British cities and ports containing the Allied invasion fleets.^[6] II./KG 2 continued strategic and anti-shipping strikes until, owing to lack of resources, was dissolved at Reppen on 3 October 1944.^[6] During its air raids over Britain, KG 2 lost 65 of 88 crews in April – September 1942. On four raids (27–31 July) it lost 27 aircraft.^[1]

III./KG 2 was withdrawn to Germany in July 1944 after combat operations over the Normandy beachheads. It was ordered dissolved on 16 September 1944, but it was not carried out. In October the Gruppe retrained as a night fighter unit flying the Dornier Do 335. The unit was renamed V./NJG 2 on 1 December 1944. Such training was abandoned in March 1945.^[19] I./KG 2 was disbanded officially on 3 October 1944 after combat operations over France.^[14]

Commanding officers[edit]

• Generalmajor Johannes Fink 1 May 1939 – 20 October 1940
• Oberst Herbert Rieckhoff 21 October 1940 – 12 October 1941
• Major Walter Bradel 23 January 1943 – 5 May 1943 (KIA)
• Oberstleutnant Karl Kessel 18 May 1943 – February 1944
• Major Hanns Heise 25 February 1944 – April 1944
• Oberstleutnant Rudolf Hallensleben 17 June 1944 – 19 September 1944^[20]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefde Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 24.
2. ^Balke 1990, pp. 524–525.
3. ^de Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, pp. 23–24.
4. ^ ^abcde Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 29.
5. ^de Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 23, 24, 29, 31.
6. ^ ^abcdefde Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 31.
7. ^Hough & Richards 2002, p. 93.
8. ^Bungay 2000, p. 150.
9. ^Bungay 2000, p. 183.
10. ^Bungay 2000, p. 207.
11. ^Bungay 2000, p. 208.
12. ^Hough and Richards 2007, p. 157.
13. ^ ^abde Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 33.
14. ^ ^abcdede Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 28.
15. ^de Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 28 & p. 33.
16. ^Bergström 2007, p. 119.
17. ^Bergström 2007, p. 23.
18. ^de Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, pp. 28–29.
19. ^de Zeng et al Vol. 1 2007, p. 34.
20. ^The above list has major contradictions with Ulf Balke's history of KG 2

Bibliography[edit]

• Balke, Ulf. Der Luftkrieg in Europa: Die operativen Einsätz des Kampfgeschwaders 2 im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. 1990. ISBN3-7637-5882-8
• Bergstrom, Christer (2007). Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. ISBN978-1-85780-270-2.
• Bungay, Stephen. The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain. London: Aurum Press, 2000. ISBN1-85410-721-6 (hardcover), 2002, ISBN1-85410-801-8 (paperback).
• de Zeng, H.L; Stankey, D.G; Creek, E.J. Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945; A Reference Source, Volume 1. Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. ISBN978-1-85780-279-5

1/x + 1/y

KQDS-TV, virtual channel 21 (UHFdigital channel 17), is a Fox-affiliatedtelevision stationlicensed to Duluth, Minnesota, United States, and also serving Superior, Wisconsin. The station is owned by Red River Broadcasting. KQDS-TV's studios are located on London Road in Duluth (along I-35), and its transmitter is located west of downtown in Hilltop Park. Master control and some internal operations are based out of the studio facilities of sister station, fellow Fox affiliate and Red River flagshipKVRR on South 40th Street and South 9th Avenue in Fargo, North Dakota.

• 2Digital television
• 4News operation
• 5Translators

History[edit]

The station first signed on the air on September 20, 1994, as KNLD. Very few people knew the station was actually on the air at this time, as it transmitted at low power with an extremely limited schedule of programming, usually airing only for only four hours per day each morning—the minimum required by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to cover the license. The station was Duluth's first independent station. While the Northland had grown large enough to support an independent station at least a decade earlier, it is a very large market geographically. UHF stations do not cover large areas very well. Additionally, the major stations in the market need sizable networks of translators to adequately cover the market, and the cost of building a translator network scared off perspective owners. By the 1990s, cable television—a must for acceptable television in much of this market—had gained enough penetration to make an independent station viable.

Although its lineup once included Big Tencollege football, most of the station's schedule was filled with programming from the Shop at Home Network by the late-1990s.

In 1998, Red River Broadcasting (via sister company KQDS Acquisition Corporation) purchased KNLD and several area radio stations including KQDS (1490 AM), KQDS-FM (94.9 FM), WWAX (92.1 FM) and KZIO (94.1 and 104.3 FM), and later changed the television station's call sign to KQDS-TV. The new owners immediately set about giving the station a technical overhaul, but not without controversy. They had won a construction permit for a new tower to replace its old transmitter facility located adjacent to Duluth Central High School, which would give it a coverage area comparable to the other Duluth stations. However, some school and city officials expressed concern about the danger of ice falling from the tower onto the school's parking lot. Eventually, Red River agreed to build the tower further from the parking lot than initially planned.

On September 1, 1999, KQDS-TV activated its new transmitter tower, along with the sign-on of eight translators. That same day, the station became the Duluth–Superior market's first Fox affiliate. Prior to affiliating with the network, Fox programming was available in the market only through cable systems that had carried the network through either Foxnet or Fox's affiliates in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul market (KMSP-TV from 1986 to 1988 and WFTC from 1988 onward). Some areas of the market received Fox on cable via KVRR from Fargo (KQDS' sister station), WLUK from Green Bay (which replaced WGBA-TV in 1995), WGKI from Cadillac, Michigan, or even WKBD from Detroit (prior to that station disaffiliating from the network in 1994).

Digital television[edit]

Digital channels[edit]

The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

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Analog-to-digital conversion[edit]

KQDS-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 21, on February 1, 2009.^[2] The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 17, using PSIP to display KQDS-TV's virtual channel as 21 on digital television receivers.

Programming[edit]

Syndicated programs broadcast on KQDS include Divorce Court, Family Feud, The People's Court and The Big Bang Theory among others.

News operation[edit]

In its early years as a Fox affiliate, KQDS entered into a news share agreement with NBC affiliate KBJR to produce a 9 p.m. newscast; the program was broadcast out of KBJR's studios on South Lake Avenue in Duluth, and was anchored by Mark Mallory with weather and sports segments respectively helmed by meteorologist Paul Heggen and sports anchor Tom Hansen. The program was canceled after about nine months due to low ratings, and was replaced by a half-hour simulcast of CNN Headline News. KBJR would not produce a primetime newscast again until September 2002, when that station launched a UPN affiliate on its second digital subchannel.

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In its first ratings period in May 2007, KQDS placed third among all evening newscasts in the Duluth market. The station drew more viewers than KBJR's Northland's NewsCenter Tonight at 9 and KDLH's 10 p.m. newscast. In August of that year, after just six months on the air, KQDS's news operation was nominated for three Upper MidwestEmmy Awards in the categories of 'Best Newscast', 'Best News Special' and 'Investigative Series'. In July 2009, KQDS registered its best newscast ratings period to date, placing third with about 8,650 viewers (about 2,000 fewer viewers than KBJR's 10 p.m. newscast). In the fall of 2009, the station won two regional Emmy Awards for 'Best Newscast' and 'Overall Station Excellence'. On June 28, 2010, KQDS debuted a half-hour weeknight newscast at 6 p.m.^[3]

Notable former on-air staff[edit]

• Tracee Carrasco - weekend anchor/reporter (now reporter at WCBS-TV in New York City)

Translators[edit]

Red River Broadcasting owns and operates seven translators that relay KQDS-TV's programming to areas of the market outside its primary signal contour. All of the translators, except for K31GH and K39GG, had construction permits to air low-powered digital signals, but the permits expired without any of the stations converting from analog to digital transmission. To comply with FCC mandates related to the digital television transition, all of the stations had to obtain new permits and convert to digital by September 1, 2015 in order to remain on the air.^[4] On April 24, 2015, it was announced that the conversion date for standard LPTVs and translators still broadcasting in analog had been suspended until further notice, due to economic problems that may arise from the then-upcoming spectrum auction. After the auction's completion in 2017, the FCC announced on May 12 of that year that all analog low-power stations and transmitters must convert by July 13, 2021.^[5]

Acumen remote control manual fdc-504: full version software free. All translators except for K39GG have been upgraded to digital as of November 1, 2016, and via PSIP, remap to virtual channel 21.

An additional translator relaying KQDS-TV's programming is owned by a third party, EZ-TV, Inc.

Defunct translator[edit]

K39GG went silent sometime in June 2018, and its license was canceled by the FCC on June 27, 2018. KQDS stated the translator's viewership was insufficient to support its continued operation. It also was located in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul television market, which is claimed by KMSP-TV, and Fox has strictly enforced stations remaining in their DMA boundaries since the early 2010s in their affiliation agreements for ratings tabulation purposes.^[6]

References[edit]

Geowizard Tools

1. ^RabbitEars TV Query for KQDS
2. ^List of Digital Full-Power StationsArchived 2013-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^'Fox 21 News adding 6 p.m. newscast'. Duluth News Tribune. April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
4. ^FCC Sets Deadlines for LPTV, TV Translator and Class A Stations To Convert to Digital - And Gives Hints When Television Spectrum May Be Reclaimed for BroadbandBroadcast Law Blog July 19, 2011
5. ^'The Incentive Auction Task Force and Media Bureau Announce Procedures for Low Power Television, Television Translator and Replacement Translator Stations During the Post-Incentive Auction Transition'(PDF). Federal Communications Commission. May 12, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
6. ^'Exhibit 1 - Suspension of Operations'(PDF). Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.

External links[edit]

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